19.1 基本enum特性

调用enum的values()方法，可以遍历enum实例。values()方法返回enum实例的数组，而且该数组中的元素严格保持其在enum中声明时的顺序。

创建enum时，编译器会为你生成一个相关的类，这个类继承自java.lang.Enum。

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//: enumerated/EnumClass.java
// Capabilities of the Enum class
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

enum Shrubbery { GROUND, CRAWLING, HANGING }

public class EnumClass {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(Shrubbery s : Shrubbery.values()) {
      print(s + " ordinal: " + s.ordinal());
      printnb(s.compareTo(Shrubbery.CRAWLING) + " ");
      printnb(s.equals(Shrubbery.CRAWLING) + " ");
      print(s == Shrubbery.CRAWLING);
      print(s.getDeclaringClass());
      print(s.name());
      print("----------------------");
    }
    // Produce an enum value from a string name:
    for(String s : "HANGING CRAWLING GROUND".split(" ")) {
      Shrubbery shrub = Enum.valueOf(Shrubbery.class, s);
      print(shrub);
    }
  }
} /* Output:
GROUND ordinal: 0
-1 false false
class Shrubbery
GROUND
----------------------
CRAWLING ordinal: 1
0 true true
class Shrubbery
CRAWLING
----------------------
HANGING ordinal: 2
1 false false
class Shrubbery
HANGING
----------------------
HANGING
CRAWLING
GROUND
*///:~

ordinal()方法返回一个int值，这是每个enum实例在声明时的次序，从0开始。

name()方法按返回enum实例声明时的名字，这与使用toString()方法效果相同。

valueOf()是在Enum中定义的static方法，它根据给定的名字返回相应的enum实例，如果不存在给定名字的实例，将会抛出异常。

19.1.1 将静态导入用于enum

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//: enumerated/Spiciness.java
package enumerated;

public enum Spiciness {
  NOT, MILD, MEDIUM, HOT, FLAMING
} ///:~

//: enumerated/Burrito.java
package enumerated;
import static enumerated.Spiciness.*;

public class Burrito {
  Spiciness degree;
  public Burrito(Spiciness degree) { this.degree = degree;}
  public String toString() { return "Burrito is "+ degree;}
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println(new Burrito(NOT));
    System.out.println(new Burrito(MEDIUM));
    System.out.println(new Burrito(HOT));
  }
} /* Output:
Burrito is NOT
Burrito is MEDIUM
Burrito is HOT
*///:~

19.2 向enum中添加新方法

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//: enumerated/OzWitch.java
// The witches in the land of Oz.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

public enum OzWitch {
  // Instances must be defined first, before methods:
  WEST("Miss Gulch, aka the Wicked Witch of the West"),
  NORTH("Glinda, the Good Witch of the North"),
  EAST("Wicked Witch of the East, wearer of the Ruby " +
    "Slippers, crushed by Dorothy's house"),
  SOUTH("Good by inference, but missing");
  private String description;
  // Constructor must be package or private access:
  private OzWitch(String description) {
    this.description = description;
  }
  public String getDescription() { return description; }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(OzWitch witch : OzWitch.values())
      print(witch + ": " + witch.getDescription());
  }
} /* Output:
WEST: Miss Gulch, aka the Wicked Witch of the West
NORTH: Glinda, the Good Witch of the North
EAST: Wicked Witch of the East, wearer of the Ruby Slippers, crushed by Dorothy's house
SOUTH: Good by inference, but missing
*///:~

如果你打算定义自己的方法，那么必须在emum实例序列的最后添加一个分号。同时，Java要求你必须先定义enum实例。如果在定义enum实例之前定义了任何方法或属性，那么在编译时就会得到错误信息。

2.1 覆盖enum的方法

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//: enumerated/SpaceShip.java
public enum SpaceShip {
  SCOUT, CARGO, TRANSPORT, CRUISER, BATTLESHIP, MOTHERSHIP;
  public String toString() {
    String id = name();
    String lower = id.substring(1).toLowerCase();
    return id.charAt(0) + lower;
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(SpaceShip s : values()) {
      System.out.println(s);
    }
  }
} /* Output:
Scout
Cargo
Transport
Cruiser
Battleship
Mothership
*///:~

3.Switch语句中的enum

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//: enumerated/TrafficLight.java
// Enums in switch statements.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

// Define an enum type:
enum Signal { GREEN, YELLOW, RED, }

public class TrafficLight {
  Signal color = Signal.RED;
  public void change() {
    switch(color) {
      // Note that you don't have to say Signal.RED
      // in the case statement:
      case RED:    color = Signal.GREEN;
                   break;
      case GREEN:  color = Signal.YELLOW;
                   break;
      case YELLOW: color = Signal.RED;
                   break;
    }
  }
  public String toString() {
    return "The traffic light is " + color;
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    TrafficLight t = new TrafficLight();
    for(int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
      print(t);
      t.change();
    }
  }
} /* Output:
The traffic light is RED
The traffic light is GREEN
The traffic light is YELLOW
The traffic light is RED
The traffic light is GREEN
The traffic light is YELLOW
The traffic light is RED
*///:~

4.values()的神秘之处

编译器为你创建的enum类都继承自Enum类。然而，如果你研究一下Enum类就会发现，它并没有values()方法。我们可以利用反射机制编写一个简单的程序，来查看其中的究竟。

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//: enumerated/Reflection.java
// Analyzing enums using reflection.
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.util.*;
import net.mindview.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

enum Explore { HERE, THERE }

public class Reflection {
  public static Set<String> analyze(Class<?> enumClass) {
    print("----- Analyzing " + enumClass + " -----");
    print("Interfaces:");
    for(Type t : enumClass.getGenericInterfaces())
      print(t);
    print("Base: " + enumClass.getSuperclass());
    print("Methods: ");
    Set<String> methods = new TreeSet<String>();
    for(Method m : enumClass.getMethods())
      methods.add(m.getName());
    print(methods);
    return methods;
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Set<String> exploreMethods = analyze(Explore.class);
    Set<String> enumMethods = analyze(Enum.class);
    print("Explore.containsAll(Enum)? " + exploreMethods.containsAll(enumMethods));
    printnb("Explore.removeAll(Enum): ");
    exploreMethods.removeAll(enumMethods);
    print(exploreMethods);
    // Decompile the code for the enum:
    OSExecute.command("javap Explore");
  }
} /* Output:
----- Analyzing class Explore -----
Interfaces:
Base: class java.lang.Enum
Methods:
[compareTo, equals, getClass, getDeclaringClass, hashCode, name, notify, notifyAll, ordinal, toString, valueOf, values, wait]
----- Analyzing class java.lang.Enum -----
Interfaces:
java.lang.Comparable<E>
interface java.io.Serializable
Base: class java.lang.Object
Methods:
[compareTo, equals, getClass, getDeclaringClass, hashCode, name, notify, notifyAll, ordinal, toString, valueOf, wait]
Explore.containsAll(Enum)? true
Explore.removeAll(Enum): [values]
Compiled from "Reflection.java"
final class Explore extends java.lang.Enum{
    public static final Explore HERE;
    public static final Explore THERE;
    public static final Explore[] values();
    public static Explore valueOf(java.lang.String);
    static {};
}
*///:~

values()由编译器添加的static方法。可以看出，在创建Explore的过程中，编译器还为其添加了valueOf()方法。这可能有点令人迷惑，Enum类不会已经有valueOf()方法了吗。不过Enum中的valueOf()方法需要两个参数，而这个新增的方法只需一个参数。由于这里使用的Set只存储方法的名字，而不考虑方法的签名，所以在调用Explore.removeAll(Enum)之后，就只剩下[values]了。

由于values()方法是由编译器插入到enum定义中的static方法，所以，如果你将enum实例向上转型为Enum，那么values()方法就不可访问了。不过，在Class中有一个getEnumConstants()方法，所以即便Enum接口中没有values()方法，我们仍然可以通过Class对象取得所有enum实例：

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//: enumerated/UpcastEnum.java
// No values() method if you upcast an enum

enum Search { HITHER, YON }

public class UpcastEnum {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Search[] vals = Search.values();
    Enum e = Search.HITHER; // Upcast
    // e.values(); // No values() in Enum
    for(Enum en : e.getClass().getEnumConstants())
      System.out.println(en);
  }
} /* Output:
HITHER
YON
*///:~

因为getEnumConstants()是Class上的方法，所以你甚至可以对不是枚举的类调用此方法：

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//: enumerated/NonEnum.java

public class NonEnum {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Class<Integer> intClass = Integer.class;
    try {
      for(Object en : intClass.getEnumConstants())
        System.out.println(en);
    } catch(Exception e) {
      System.out.println(e);
    }
  }
} /* Output:
java.lang.NullPointerException
*///:~

只不过，此时该方法返回null，所以当你试图使用其返回的结果时会发生异常。

5.实现，而非继承

所有的enum都继承自java.lang.Enum类。由于Java不支持多重继承，所以你的enum不能再继承其他类。然而，在我们创建一个新的enum时，可以同时实现一个或多个接口：

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//: enumerated/cartoons/EnumImplementation.java
// An enum can implement an interface
package enumerated.cartoons;
import java.util.*;
import net.mindview.util.*;

enum CartoonCharacter implements Generator<CartoonCharacter> {
  SLAPPY, SPANKY, PUNCHY, SILLY, BOUNCY, NUTTY, BOB;
  private Random rand = new Random(47);
  public CartoonCharacter next() {
    return values()[rand.nextInt(values().length)];
  }
}

public class EnumImplementation {
  public static <T> void printNext(Generator<T> rg) {
    System.out.print(rg.next() + ", ");
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // Choose any instance:
    CartoonCharacter cc = CartoonCharacter.BOB;
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
      printNext(cc);
  }
} /* Output:
BOB, PUNCHY, BOB, SPANKY, NUTTY, PUNCHY, SLAPPY, NUTTY, NUTTY, SLAPPY,
*///:~

6.随机选取

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//: net/mindview/util/Enums.java
package net.mindview.util;
import java.util.*;

public class Enums {
  private static Random rand = new Random(47);
  public static <T extends Enum<T>> T random(Class<T> ec) {
    return random(ec.getEnumConstants());
  }
  public static <T> T random(T[] values) {
    return values[rand.nextInt(values.length)];
  }
} ///:~

下面是random()方法的一个简单示例：

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//: enumerated/RandomTest.java
import net.mindview.util.*;

enum Activity { SITTING, LYING, STANDING, HOPPING,
  RUNNING, DODGING, JUMPING, FALLING, FLYING }

public class RandomTest {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
      System.out.print(Enums.random(Activity.class) + " ");
  }
} /* Output:
STANDING FLYING RUNNING STANDING RUNNING STANDING LYING DODGING SITTING RUNNING HOPPING HOPPING HOPPING RUNNING STANDING LYING FALLING RUNNING FLYING LYING
*///:~

7.使用接口组织枚举

假设你想用enum来表示不同类型的食物，同时还希望每个enum元素仍然保持Food类型。

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//: enumerated/menu/Food.java
// Subcategorization of enums within interfaces.
package enumerated.menu;

public interface Food {
  enum Appetizer implements Food {
    SALAD, SOUP, SPRING_ROLLS;
  }
  enum MainCourse implements Food {
    LASAGNE, BURRITO, PAD_THAI,
    LENTILS, HUMMOUS, VINDALOO;
  }
  enum Dessert implements Food {
    TIRAMISU, GELATO, BLACK_FOREST_CAKE,
    FRUIT, CREME_CARAMEL;
  }
  enum Coffee implements Food {
    BLACK_COFFEE, DECAF_COFFEE, ESPRESSO,
    LATTE, CAPPUCCINO, TEA, HERB_TEA;
  }
} ///:~

对于enum而言，实现接口是使其自泪花的唯一办法，所以嵌入在Food中的每个enum都实现了Food接口。

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//: enumerated/menu/TypeOfFood.java
package enumerated.menu;
import static enumerated.menu.Food.*;

public class TypeOfFood {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Food food = Appetizer.SALAD;
    food = MainCourse.LASAGNE;
    food = Dessert.GELATO;
    food = Coffee.CAPPUCCINO;
  }
} ///:~

如果你想创建一个“枚举的枚举”，那么可以创建一个新的enum，然后用其实例包装Food中的每一个enum类：

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//: enumerated/menu/Course.java
package enumerated.menu;
import net.mindview.util.*;

public enum Course {
  APPETIZER(Food.Appetizer.class),
  MAINCOURSE(Food.MainCourse.class),
  DESSERT(Food.Dessert.class),
  COFFEE(Food.Coffee.class);
  private Food[] values;
  private Course(Class<? extends Food> kind) {
    values = kind.getEnumConstants();
  }
  public Food randomSelection() {
    return Enums.random(values);
  }
} ///:~

通过每一个Course实例中随机地选择一个Food，我们便能够生成一份菜单：

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//: enumerated/menu/Meal.java
package enumerated.menu;

public class Meal {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
      for(Course course : Course.values()) {
        Food food = course.randomSelection();
        System.out.println(food);
      }
      System.out.println("---");
    }
  }
} /* Output:
SPRING_ROLLS
VINDALOO
FRUIT
DECAF_COFFEE
---
SOUP
VINDALOO
FRUIT
TEA
---
SALAD
BURRITO
FRUIT
TEA
---
SALAD
BURRITO
CREME_CARAMEL
LATTE
---
SOUP
BURRITO
TIRAMISU
ESPRESSO
---
*///:~

还有一种更简洁的管理枚举的办法，就是将一个enum嵌套在另一个enum内。

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//: enumerated/SecurityCategory.java
// More succinct subcategorization of enums.
import net.mindview.util.*;

enum SecurityCategory {
  STOCK(Security.Stock.class), BOND(Security.Bond.class);
  Security[] values;
  SecurityCategory(Class<? extends Security> kind) {
    values = kind.getEnumConstants();
  }
  interface Security {
    enum Stock implements Security { SHORT, LONG, MARGIN }
    enum Bond implements Security { MUNICIPAL, JUNK }
  }
  public Security randomSelection() {
    return Enums.random(values);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
      SecurityCategory category =
        Enums.random(SecurityCategory.class);
      System.out.println(category + ": " +
        category.randomSelection());
    }
  }
} /* Output:
BOND: MUNICIPAL
BOND: MUNICIPAL
STOCK: MARGIN
STOCK: MARGIN
BOND: JUNK
STOCK: SHORT
STOCK: LONG
STOCK: LONG
BOND: MUNICIPAL
BOND: JUNK
*///:~

如果我们将这种方式应用于Food的例子，结果应该这样：

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//: enumerated/menu/Meal2.java
package enumerated.menu;
import net.mindview.util.*;

public enum Meal2 {
  APPETIZER(Food.Appetizer.class),
  MAINCOURSE(Food.MainCourse.class),
  DESSERT(Food.Dessert.class),
  COFFEE(Food.Coffee.class);
  private Food[] values;
  private Meal2(Class<? extends Food> kind) {
    values = kind.getEnumConstants();
  }
  public interface Food {
    enum Appetizer implements Food {
      SALAD, SOUP, SPRING_ROLLS;
    }
    enum MainCourse implements Food {
      LASAGNE, BURRITO, PAD_THAI,
      LENTILS, HUMMOUS, VINDALOO;
    }
    enum Dessert implements Food {
      TIRAMISU, GELATO, BLACK_FOREST_CAKE,
      FRUIT, CREME_CARAMEL;
    }
    enum Coffee implements Food {
      BLACK_COFFEE, DECAF_COFFEE, ESPRESSO,
      LATTE, CAPPUCCINO, TEA, HERB_TEA;
    }
  }
  public Food randomSelection() {
    return Enums.random(values);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
      for(Meal2 meal : Meal2.values()) {
        Food food = meal.randomSelection();
        System.out.println(food);
      }
      System.out.println("---");
    }
  }
} /* Same output as Meal.java *///:~

8.使用EnumSet替代标志

Java SE5引入EnumSet，是为了通过enum创建一种替代品，以替代传统的基于int的“位标志”。这种标志可以用来表示某种“开/关”信息。

EnumSet的设计充分考虑到了速度因素，因为它必须与非常高效的bit标志相竞争。就其内部而言，它就是将一个long值作为比特向量，所以EnumSet非常快速高效。使用EnumSet的优点是，它在说明一个二进制位是否存在时，具有更好的表达能力，并且无须担心性能。

下面的enum表示在一座大楼中，警报传感器的安放位置：

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//: enumerated/AlarmPoints.java
package enumerated;
public enum AlarmPoints {
  STAIR1, STAIR2, LOBBY, OFFICE1, OFFICE2, OFFICE3,
  OFFICE4, BATHROOM, UTILITY, KITCHEN
} ///:~

然后，我们用EnumSet来跟踪报警器的状态：

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//: enumerated/EnumSets.java
// Operations on EnumSets
package enumerated;
import java.util.*;
import static enumerated.AlarmPoints.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

public class EnumSets {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    EnumSet<AlarmPoints> points =
      EnumSet.noneOf(AlarmPoints.class); // Empty set
    points.add(BATHROOM);
    print(points);
    points.addAll(EnumSet.of(STAIR1, STAIR2, KITCHEN));
    print(points);
    points = EnumSet.allOf(AlarmPoints.class);
    points.removeAll(EnumSet.of(STAIR1, STAIR2, KITCHEN));
    print(points);
    points.removeAll(EnumSet.range(OFFICE1, OFFICE4));
    print(points);
    points = EnumSet.complementOf(points);
    print(points);
  }
} /* Output:
[BATHROOM]
[STAIR1, STAIR2, BATHROOM, KITCHEN]
[LOBBY, OFFICE1, OFFICE2, OFFICE3, OFFICE4, BATHROOM, UTILITY]
[LOBBY, BATHROOM, UTILITY]
[STAIR1, STAIR2, OFFICE1, OFFICE2, OFFICE3, OFFICE4, KITCHEN]
*///:~

EnumSet的基础是long，一个long值有64位，而一个enum实例只需一位bit表示其是否存在。也就是说，在不超过一个long的表达能力的情况下，你的EnumSet可以应用于最多不超过64个元素的enum。如果enum超过了64个元素会发生什么呢？

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//: enumerated/BigEnumSet.java
import java.util.*;

public class BigEnumSet {
  enum Big { A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10,
    A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21,
    A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32,
    A33, A34, A35, A36, A37, A38, A39, A40, A41, A42, A43,
    A44, A45, A46, A47, A48, A49, A50, A51, A52, A53, A54,
    A55, A56, A57, A58, A59, A60, A61, A62, A63, A64, A65,
    A66, A67, A68, A69, A70, A71, A72, A73, A74, A75 }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    EnumSet<Big> bigEnumSet = EnumSet.allOf(Big.class);
    System.out.println(bigEnumSet);
  }
} /* Output:
[A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20, A21, A22, A23, A24, A25, A26, A27, A28, A29, A30, A31, A32, A33, A34, A35, A36, A37, A38, A39, A40, A41, A42, A43, A44, A45, A46, A47, A48, A49, A50, A51, A52, A53, A54, A55, A56, A57, A58, A59, A60, A61, A62, A63, A64, A65, A66, A67, A68, A69, A70, A71, A72, A73, A74, A75]
*///:~

显然，EnumSet可以应用于多过64个元素的enum，所以我猜测，Enum会在必要的时候增加一个long。

9.使用EnumMap

EnumMap是一种特殊的Map，它要求其中的键必须来自一个enum。由于enum本身的限制，所以EnumMap在内部可由数组实现。因此EnumMap的速度很快，我们可以放心地使用enum实例在EnumMap中进行查找操作。不过，我们只能将enum的实例作为键来调用put()方法，其他操作与使用一般的Map差不多。

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//: enumerated/EnumMaps.java
// Basics of EnumMaps.
package enumerated;
import java.util.*;
import static enumerated.AlarmPoints.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

interface Command { void action(); }

public class EnumMaps {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    EnumMap<AlarmPoints,Command> em =
      new EnumMap<AlarmPoints,Command>(AlarmPoints.class);
    em.put(KITCHEN, new Command() {
      public void action() { print("Kitchen fire!"); }
    });
    em.put(BATHROOM, new Command() {
      public void action() { print("Bathroom alert!"); }
    });
    for(Map.Entry<AlarmPoints,Command> e : em.entrySet()) {
      printnb(e.getKey() + ": ");
      e.getValue().action();
    }
    try { // If there's no value for a particular key:
      em.get(UTILITY).action();
    } catch(Exception e) {
      print(e);
    }
  }
} /* Output:
BATHROOM: Bathroom alert!
KITCHEN: Kitchen fire!
java.lang.NullPointerException
*///:~

与EnumSet一样，enum实例定义时的次序决定了其在EnumMap中声明时的顺序。

10.常量相关的方法

Java的enum有一个非常有趣的特性，即它允许程序员为enum实例编写方法，从而为每个enum实例赋予各自不同的行为。要实现常量相关的方法，你需要为enum定义一个或多个abstract方法，然后为每个enum实例实现该抽象方法。

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//: enumerated/ConstantSpecificMethod.java
import java.util.*;
import java.text.*;

public enum ConstantSpecificMethod {
  DATE_TIME {
    String getInfo() {
      return
        DateFormat.getDateInstance().format(new Date());
    }
  },
  CLASSPATH {
    String getInfo() {
      return System.getenv("CLASSPATH");
    }
  },
  VERSION {
    String getInfo() {
      return System.getProperty("java.version");
    }
  };
  abstract String getInfo();
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(ConstantSpecificMethod csm : values())
      System.out.println(csm.getInfo());
  }
} /* (Execute to see output) *///:~

并不能真的将enum实例作为一个类型来使用：

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//: enumerated/NotClasses.java
// {Exec: javap -c LikeClasses}
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

enum LikeClasses {
  WINKEN { void behavior() { print("Behavior1"); } },
  BLINKEN { void behavior() { print("Behavior2"); } },
  NOD { void behavior() { print("Behavior3"); } };
  abstract void behavior();
}

public class NotClasses {
  // void f1(LikeClasses.WINKEN instance) {} // Nope
} /* Output:
Compiled from "NotClasses.java"
abstract class LikeClasses extends java.lang.Enum{
public static final LikeClasses WINKEN;
public static final LikeClasses BLINKEN;
public static final LikeClasses NOD;
...
*///:~

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//: enumerated/CarWash.java
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

public class CarWash {
  public enum Cycle {
    UNDERBODY {
      void action() { print("Spraying the underbody"); }
    },
    WHEELWASH {
      void action() { print("Washing the wheels"); }
    },
    PREWASH {
      void action() { print("Loosening the dirt"); }
    },
    BASIC {
      void action() { print("The basic wash"); }
    },
    HOTWAX {
      void action() { print("Applying hot wax"); }
    },
    RINSE {
      void action() { print("Rinsing"); }
    },
    BLOWDRY {
      void action() { print("Blowing dry"); }
    };
    abstract void action();
  }
  EnumSet<Cycle> cycles =
    EnumSet.of(Cycle.BASIC, Cycle.RINSE);
  public void add(Cycle cycle) { cycles.add(cycle); }
  public void washCar() {
    for(Cycle c : cycles)
      c.action();
  }
  public String toString() { return cycles.toString(); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CarWash wash = new CarWash();
    print(wash);
    wash.washCar();
    // Order of addition is unimportant:
    wash.add(Cycle.BLOWDRY);
    wash.add(Cycle.BLOWDRY); // Duplicates ignored
    wash.add(Cycle.RINSE);
    wash.add(Cycle.HOTWAX);
    print(wash);
    wash.washCar();
  }
} /* Output:
[BASIC, RINSE]
The basic wash
Rinsing
[BASIC, HOTWAX, RINSE, BLOWDRY]
The basic wash
Applying hot wax
Rinsing
Blowing dry
*///:~

与使用匿名内部类相比较，定义常量相关方法的语法更高效、简洁。

除了实现abstarct方法以外，程序员是否可以覆盖常量相关的方法呢？答案是肯定的。

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//: enumerated/OverrideConstantSpecific.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

public enum OverrideConstantSpecific {
  NUT, BOLT,
  WASHER {
    void f() { print("Overridden method"); }
  };
  void f() { print("default behavior"); }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(OverrideConstantSpecific ocs : values()) {
      printnb(ocs + ": ");
      ocs.f();
    }
  }
} /* Output:
NUT: default behavior
BOLT: default behavior
WASHER: Overridden method
*///:~

10.1使用enum的职责链

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//: enumerated/PostOffice.java
// Modeling a post office.
import java.util.*;
import net.mindview.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Mail {
  // The NO's lower the probability of random selection:
  enum GeneralDelivery {YES,NO1,NO2,NO3,NO4,NO5}
  enum Scannability {UNSCANNABLE,YES1,YES2,YES3,YES4}
  enum Readability {ILLEGIBLE,YES1,YES2,YES3,YES4}
  enum Address {INCORRECT,OK1,OK2,OK3,OK4,OK5,OK6}
  enum ReturnAddress {MISSING,OK1,OK2,OK3,OK4,OK5}
  GeneralDelivery generalDelivery;
  Scannability scannability;
  Readability readability;
  Address address;
  ReturnAddress returnAddress;
  static long counter = 0;
  long id = counter++;
  public String toString() { return "Mail " + id; }
  public String details() {
    return toString() +
      ", General Delivery: " + generalDelivery +
      ", Address Scanability: " + scannability +
      ", Address Readability: " + readability +
      ", Address Address: " + address +
      ", Return address: " + returnAddress;
  }
  // Generate test Mail:
  public static Mail randomMail() {
    Mail m = new Mail();
    m.generalDelivery= Enums.random(GeneralDelivery.class);
    m.scannability = Enums.random(Scannability.class);
    m.readability = Enums.random(Readability.class);
    m.address = Enums.random(Address.class);
    m.returnAddress = Enums.random(ReturnAddress.class);
    return m;
  }
  public static Iterable<Mail> generator(final int count) {
    return new Iterable<Mail>() {
      int n = count;
      public Iterator<Mail> iterator() {
        return new Iterator<Mail>() {
          public boolean hasNext() { return n-- > 0; }
          public Mail next() { return randomMail(); }
          public void remove() { // Not implemented
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
          }
        };
      }
    };
  }
}

public class PostOffice {
  enum MailHandler {
    GENERAL_DELIVERY {
      boolean handle(Mail m) {
        switch(m.generalDelivery) {
          case YES:
            print("Using general delivery for " + m);
            return true;
          default: return false;
        }
      }
    },
    MACHINE_SCAN {
      boolean handle(Mail m) {
        switch(m.scannability) {
          case UNSCANNABLE: return false;
          default:
            switch(m.address) {
              case INCORRECT: return false;
              default:
                print("Delivering "+ m + " automatically");
                return true;
            }
        }
      }
    },
    VISUAL_INSPECTION {
      boolean handle(Mail m) {
        switch(m.readability) {
          case ILLEGIBLE: return false;
          default:
            switch(m.address) {
              case INCORRECT: return false;
              default:
                print("Delivering " + m + " normally");
                return true;
            }
        }
      }
    },
    RETURN_TO_SENDER {
      boolean handle(Mail m) {
        switch(m.returnAddress) {
          case MISSING: return false;
          default:
            print("Returning " + m + " to sender");
            return true;
        }
      }
    };
    abstract boolean handle(Mail m);
  }
  static void handle(Mail m) {
    for(MailHandler handler : MailHandler.values())
      if(handler.handle(m))
        return;
    print(m + " is a dead letter");
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(Mail mail : Mail.generator(10)) {
      print(mail.details());
      handle(mail);
      print("*****");
    }
  }
} /* Output:
Mail 0, General Delivery: NO2, Address Scanability: UNSCANNABLE, Address Readability: YES3, Address Address: OK1, Return address: OK1
Delivering Mail 0 normally
*****
Mail 1, General Delivery: NO5, Address Scanability: YES3, Address Readability: ILLEGIBLE, Address Address: OK5, Return address: OK1
Delivering Mail 1 automatically
*****
Mail 2, General Delivery: YES, Address Scanability: YES3, Address Readability: YES1, Address Address: OK1, Return address: OK5
Using general delivery for Mail 2
*****
Mail 3, General Delivery: NO4, Address Scanability: YES3, Address Readability: YES1, Address Address: INCORRECT, Return address: OK4
Returning Mail 3 to sender
*****
Mail 4, General Delivery: NO4, Address Scanability: UNSCANNABLE, Address Readability: YES1, Address Address: INCORRECT, Return address: OK2
Returning Mail 4 to sender
*****
Mail 5, General Delivery: NO3, Address Scanability: YES1, Address Readability: ILLEGIBLE, Address Address: OK4, Return address: OK2
Delivering Mail 5 automatically
*****
Mail 6, General Delivery: YES, Address Scanability: YES4, Address Readability: ILLEGIBLE, Address Address: OK4, Return address: OK4
Using general delivery for Mail 6
*****
Mail 7, General Delivery: YES, Address Scanability: YES3, Address Readability: YES4, Address Address: OK2, Return address: MISSING
Using general delivery for Mail 7
*****
Mail 8, General Delivery: NO3, Address Scanability: YES1, Address Readability: YES3, Address Address: INCORRECT, Return address: MISSING
Mail 8 is a dead letter
*****
Mail 9, General Delivery: NO1, Address Scanability: UNSCANNABLE, Address Readability: YES2, Address Address: OK1, Return address: OK4
Delivering Mail 9 normally
*****
*///:~

10.2 使用enum的状态机

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//: enumerated/Input.java
package enumerated;
import java.util.*;

public enum Input {
  NICKEL(5), DIME(10), QUARTER(25), DOLLAR(100),
  TOOTHPASTE(200), CHIPS(75), SODA(100), SOAP(50),
  ABORT_TRANSACTION {
    public int amount() { // Disallow
      throw new RuntimeException("ABORT.amount()");
    }
  },
  STOP { // This must be the last instance.
    public int amount() { // Disallow
      throw new RuntimeException("SHUT_DOWN.amount()");
    }
  };    
  int value; // In cents
  Input(int value) { this.value = value; }
  Input() {}
  int amount() { return value; }; // In cents
  static Random rand = new Random(47);
  public static Input randomSelection() {
    // Don't include STOP:
    return values()[rand.nextInt(values().length - 1)];
  }
} ///:~

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//: enumerated/VendingMachine.java
// {Args: VendingMachineInput.txt}
package enumerated;
import java.util.*;
import net.mindview.util.*;
import static enumerated.Input.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

enum Category {
  MONEY(NICKEL, DIME, QUARTER, DOLLAR),
  ITEM_SELECTION(TOOTHPASTE, CHIPS, SODA, SOAP),
  QUIT_TRANSACTION(ABORT_TRANSACTION),
  SHUT_DOWN(STOP);
  private Input[] values;
  Category(Input... types) { values = types; }    
  private static EnumMap<Input,Category> categories =
    new EnumMap<Input,Category>(Input.class);
  static {
    for(Category c : Category.class.getEnumConstants())
      for(Input type : c.values)
        categories.put(type, c);
  }
  public static Category categorize(Input input) {
    return categories.get(input);
  }
}    

public class VendingMachine {
  private static State state = State.RESTING;
  private static int amount = 0;
  private static Input selection = null;
  enum StateDuration { TRANSIENT } // Tagging enum
  enum State {
    RESTING {
      void next(Input input) {
        switch(Category.categorize(input)) {
          case MONEY:
            amount += input.amount();
            state = ADDING_MONEY;
            break;
          case SHUT_DOWN:
            state = TERMINAL;
          default:
        }
      }
    },    
    ADDING_MONEY {
      void next(Input input) {
        switch(Category.categorize(input)) {
          case MONEY:
            amount += input.amount();
            break;
          case ITEM_SELECTION:
            selection = input;
            if(amount < selection.amount())
              print("Insufficient money for " + selection);
            else state = DISPENSING;
            break;
          case QUIT_TRANSACTION:
            state = GIVING_CHANGE;
            break;
          case SHUT_DOWN:
            state = TERMINAL;
          default:
        }
      }
    },    
    DISPENSING(StateDuration.TRANSIENT) {
      void next() {
        print("here is your " + selection);
        amount -= selection.amount();
        state = GIVING_CHANGE;
      }
    },
    GIVING_CHANGE(StateDuration.TRANSIENT) {
      void next() {
        if(amount > 0) {
          print("Your change: " + amount);
          amount = 0;
        }
        state = RESTING;
      }
    },    
    TERMINAL { void output() { print("Halted"); } };
    private boolean isTransient = false;
    State() {}
    State(StateDuration trans) { isTransient = true; }
    void next(Input input) {
      throw new RuntimeException("Only call " +
        "next(Input input) for non-transient states");
    }
    void next() {
      throw new RuntimeException("Only call next() for " +
        "StateDuration.TRANSIENT states");
    }
    void output() { print(amount); }
  }    
  static void run(Generator<Input> gen) {
    while(state != State.TERMINAL) {
      state.next(gen.next());
      while(state.isTransient)
        state.next();
      state.output();
    }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Generator<Input> gen = new RandomInputGenerator();
    if(args.length == 1)
      gen = new FileInputGenerator(args[0]);
    run(gen);
  }
}    

// For a basic sanity check:
class RandomInputGenerator implements Generator<Input> {
  public Input next() { return Input.randomSelection(); }
}

// Create Inputs from a file of ';'-separated strings:
class FileInputGenerator implements Generator<Input> {
  private Iterator<String> input;
  public FileInputGenerator(String fileName) {
    input = new TextFile(fileName, ";").iterator();
  }
  public Input next() {
    if(!input.hasNext())
      return null;
    return Enum.valueOf(Input.class, input.next().trim());
  }
} /* Output:
25
50
75
here is your CHIPS
0
100
200
here is your TOOTHPASTE
0
25
35
Your change: 35
0
25
35
Insufficient money for SODA
35
60
70
75
Insufficient money for SODA
75
Your change: 75
0
Halted
*///:~

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QUARTER; QUARTER; QUARTER; CHIPS;
DOLLAR; DOLLAR; TOOTHPASTE;
QUARTER; DIME; ABORT_TRANSACTION;
QUARTER; DIME; SODA;
QUARTER; DIME; NICKEL; SODA;
ABORT_TRANSACTION;
STOP;

11.多路分发

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//: enumerated/Outcome.java
package enumerated;
public enum Outcome { WIN, LOSE, DRAW } ///:~

//: enumerated/RoShamBo1.java
// Demonstration of multiple dispatching.
package enumerated;
import java.util.*;
import static enumerated.Outcome.*;

interface Item {
  Outcome compete(Item it);
  Outcome eval(Paper p);
  Outcome eval(Scissors s);
  Outcome eval(Rock r);
}

class Paper implements Item {
  public Outcome compete(Item it) { return it.eval(this); }
  public Outcome eval(Paper p) { return DRAW; }
  public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { return WIN; }
  public Outcome eval(Rock r) { return LOSE; }
  public String toString() { return "Paper"; }
}    

class Scissors implements Item {
  public Outcome compete(Item it) { return it.eval(this); }
  public Outcome eval(Paper p) { return LOSE; }
  public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { return DRAW; }
  public Outcome eval(Rock r) { return WIN; }
  public String toString() { return "Scissors"; }
}

class Rock implements Item {
  public Outcome compete(Item it) { return it.eval(this); }
  public Outcome eval(Paper p) { return WIN; }
  public Outcome eval(Scissors s) { return LOSE; }
  public Outcome eval(Rock r) { return DRAW; }
  public String toString() { return "Rock"; }
}    

public class RoShamBo1 {
  static final int SIZE = 20;
  private static Random rand = new Random(47);
  public static Item newItem() {
    switch(rand.nextInt(3)) {
      default:
      case 0: return new Scissors();
      case 1: return new Paper();
      case 2: return new Rock();
    }
  }
  public static void match(Item a, Item b) {
    System.out.println(
      a + " vs. " + b + ": " +  a.compete(b));
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
      match(newItem(), newItem());
  }
} /* Output:    
Rock vs. Rock: DRAW
Paper vs. Rock: WIN
Paper vs. Rock: WIN
Paper vs. Rock: WIN
Scissors vs. Paper: WIN
Scissors vs. Scissors: DRAW
Scissors vs. Paper: WIN
Rock vs. Paper: LOSE
Paper vs. Paper: DRAW
Rock vs. Paper: LOSE
Paper vs. Scissors: LOSE
Paper vs. Scissors: LOSE
Rock vs. Scissors: WIN
Rock vs. Paper: LOSE
Paper vs. Rock: WIN
Scissors vs. Paper: WIN
Paper vs. Scissors: LOSE
Paper vs. Scissors: LOSE
Paper vs. Scissors: LOSE
Paper vs. Scissors: LOSE
*///:~

11.1 使用enum分发

11.2 使用常量相关的方法

11.4 使用二维数组